In 1878, a porous platinized carbon air electrode was found to work as well as the manganese dioxide ( MnOДў) of the Leclanche cell. The effect of oxygen was known early in the 19th century when wet-cell Leclanche batteries absorbed atmospheric oxygen into the carbon cathode current collector. Possible future applications of this battery include its deployment as an electric vehicle battery and as a utility-scale energy storage system. ZincвЂ“air batteries can be used to replace now discontinued 1.35 V mercury batteries (although with a significantly shorter operating life), which in the 1970s through 1980s were commonly used in photo cameras and hearing aids. ZincвЂ“air batteries have some properties of fuel cells as well as batteries: the zinc is the fuel, the reaction rate can be controlled by varying the air flow, and oxidized zinc/electrolyte paste can be replaced with fresh paste. The reactions produce a theoretical 1.65 volts, but this is reduced to 1.35вЂ“1.4 V in available cells. The water and hydroxyl from the anode are recycled at the cathode, so the water is not consumed. The zincate decays into zinc oxide and water returns to the electrolyte. Oxygen from the air reacts at the cathode and forms hydroxyl ions which migrate into the zinc paste and form zincate ( Zn(OH) 2в€’Д¤), releasing electrons to travel to the cathode. Sizes range from very small button cells for hearing aids, larger batteries used in film cameras that previously used mercury batteries, to very large batteries used for electric vehicle propulsion and grid-scale energy storage.Дuring discharge, a mass of zinc particles forms a porous anode, which is saturated with an electrolyte. These batteries have high energy densities and are relatively inexpensive to produce. ZincвЂ“air batteries (non-rechargeable), and zincвЂ“air fuel cells (mechanically rechargeable) are metalвЂ“air batteries powered by oxidizing zinc with oxygen from the air.

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